Chang Il Shin, Wonkyung Cho, Taek Dong Chung. “Capturing live cell dynamics at the nanoscale by sweeping laterally at a fixed standoff.” ChemRxiv (). https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2025-b9c5j/v2

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PGF and conventional nanopipettes
SEM, PGF nanopipette Cone angle: 2.15°; taper length: approximately 4 mm
Confocal fluorescence microscopy, rhodamine 6G-doped pSPA A fluorescent signal extended continuously to the tip of the nanopipette, confirming that the pSPA had fully filled the lumen and formed a gel matrix free of voids
Capillary resistance 150 mM KCl: (140.4 ± 4.3) × 10⁶ Ω, n = 6; 3 M pSPA gel: (34.4 ± 5.6) × 10⁶ Ω, n = 6; data are mean ± s.d.; solution-only resistance: n = 3