| Abstract-reported separation between two successive pBp²⁺-based one-electron reductions | 290-320 mV |
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| Abstract-reported comproportionation-constant range | Kc = 1.0–3.2 × 10⁵ |
| Estimated Cat²⁻ abundance based on the large comproportionation constants | Minor component (e.g., 0.2 % of the total complex) |
| Luminescence, room temperature, solid and solution states | Non-emissive |
| Luminescence spectra of [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂, [Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)](PF₆)₄, and [Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)](PF₆)₄, frozen 4:4:1 (v/v/v) MeOH/EtOH/DMF glass contained in a quartz EPR tube, 77 K, excitation at 390 nm, qualitative observations | Fundamentally consistent spectra with vibrational structure; dimer emission bands were slightly red-shifted; Stokes shifts were more than 100 nm; the luminescence was assignable to phosphorescence from the ³MX-LCT states |
| Emission-decay acquisition for [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂, [Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)](PF₆)₄, and [Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)](PF₆)₄ in MED glass at 77 K | Excitation at 374 nm; emission at 510, 514, and 519 nm, respectively |
| [PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺ emission properties at 77 K: λₑₘ, nm; τₑₘ, µs; E₀₋₀, eV | 510, 548; 7.3; 2.43 |
| [Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)]⁴⁺ emission properties at 77 K: λₑₘ, nm; τₑₘ, µs with fractional intensity f; τₐᵥₑ, µs; E₀₋₀, eV | 514, 554; 1.9 (f = 0.059), 8.3 (f = 0.94); 6.9; 2.41 |
| [Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)]⁴⁺ emission properties at 77 K: λₑₘ, nm; τₑₘ, µs with fractional intensity f; τₐᵥₑ, µs; E₀₋₀, eV | 519, 562; 1.4 (f = 0.049), 7.8 (f = 0.95); 6.3; 2.39 |
| Emission-decay fit and lifetime definitions | I = B₁ exp(−t/τ₁) + B₂ exp(−t/τ₂) + … + Bₙ exp(−t/τₙ) + A, where n is the number of exponents, τₙ is the lifetime, Bₙ is the pre-exponential factor, and A is a background offset; least-squares fitting used a single- or double-exponential function; fⱼ = Bⱼτⱼ / ∑ᵢⁿ Bᵢτᵢ; τₐᵥₑ = ∑ᵢⁿ fᵢτᵢ = ∑ᵢⁿ Bᵢτᵢ² / ∑ᵢⁿ Bᵢτᵢ |
| Cyclic and square-wave voltammetry, anhydrous DMF, cathodic polarization | Two successive reversible waves from −0.4 to −1.1 V vs SCE and two irreversible reduction waves below ca. −1.5 V |
| Comproportionation constants defined in equations 1 and 2 | [PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺: Kc = 2.5 ×10⁵. [Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)]⁴⁺: Kc = 7.9 ×10⁴. [Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)]⁴⁺: Kc = 5.1 ×10⁵. Dimer values were estimated assuming that each mononuclear unit within the dimer undergoes redox processes independently, as if they were discrete monomers in solution |
Fumika Sueyoshi, Kosei Yamauchi, Ken Sakai. “Concentration-dependent transition in the rate-determining step of hydrogen evolution driven by pyridinium-tethered mononuclear and dinuclear platinum photocatalysts.” ChemRxiv (). https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15006300/v2
A mechanistic interpretation of calculated redox-species abundance changes was not retained
| UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy | Lowest-energy band centered at 391 nm; stronger absorption bands in the UV region at 327 and 341 nm |
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| UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy | Absorption features were essentially consistent with those observed for [PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺; the UV bands for the dimers were both broadened and rather decreased in intensity |
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| Methylviologen, MV²⁺, 0.5 mM, E₁; E₂; E₃; E₄, V vs SCE | −0.47; −0.84; N.D.; N.D., respectively |
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| [PtCl₂(pmBmp)]²⁺, 0.5 mM, E₁; E₂; E₃; E₄, V vs SCE | −0.78; −1.28; −1.45; N.D., respectively |
| [PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺, 0.5 mM, E₁; E₂; E₃; E₄, V vs SCE | −0.52; −0.84; −1.63; −1.74 |
| [Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)]⁴⁺, 0.25 mM, E₁; E₂; E₃; E₄, V vs SCE | −0.51; −0.80; −1.56; −1.69 |
| [Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)]⁴⁺, 0.25 mM, E₁; E₂; E₃; E₄, V vs SCE | −0.53; −0.83; −1.60; −1.71 |
| [PtCl₂(pmBmp)]²⁺, 0.5 mM, first reduction: cathodic peak potential, V; anodic peak potential, V; peak-to-peak separation, mV | −0.823; −0.739; 84 |
| [PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺, 0.5 mM, first reduction: cathodic peak potential, V; anodic peak potential, V; peak-to-peak separation, mV; second reduction: cathodic peak potential, V; anodic peak potential, V; peak-to-peak separation, mV | −0.560; −0.485; 75; −0.875; −0.795; 80 |
| [Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)]⁴⁺, 0.25 mM, first reduction: cathodic peak potential, V; anodic peak potential, V; peak-to-peak separation, mV; second reduction: cathodic peak potential, V; anodic peak potential, V; peak-to-peak separation, mV | −0.570; −0.494; 76; −0.860; −0.791; 69 |
| [Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)]⁴⁺, 0.25 mM, first reduction: cathodic peak potential, V; anodic peak potential, V; peak-to-peak separation, mV; second reduction: cathodic peak potential, V; anodic peak potential, V; peak-to-peak separation, mV | −0.585; −0.515; 70; −0.905; −0.800; 105 |
| Reduction-potential reporting basis | Potentials above −1.1 V were estimated using cyclic-voltammetry data; potentials in the more cathodic domain were determined using square-wave-voltammetry data |
| [Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)]⁴⁺ and [Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)]⁴⁺, electrochemical communication and electron count | The two Pt(pBp) moieties showed negligible electrochemical communication; each displayed reduction step was assigned as a two-electron process |
| Single-crystal X-ray diffraction, methylpyridinium-plane twist relative to the bpy plane | 28.9-30.1° |
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| Single-crystal X-ray diffraction | The two bpy units are widely separated |
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| In-situ dynamic light scattering before light irradiation, 660 nm diode laser, detection limit 0.6 nm in particle diameter | Complete absence of heterogeneous species, evidenced by the lack of any significant exponential decay features in the autocorrelation functions |
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| In-situ dynamic light scattering during photoirradiation, 660 nm diode laser, detection limit 0.6 nm in particle diameter | Any increase in light scattering intensity attributable to heterogeneous species, e.g., colloidal platinum particles, is negligible up to 5 h |
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| In-situ dynamic light scattering during photoirradiation and after exposure to air, 660 nm diode laser, detection limit 0.6 nm in particle diameter | Light scattering intensity showed an immediate rise after only 1 min of light irradiation; DLS-active heterogeneous particles produced over 5 h of photoirradiation completely disappeared upon simple exposure to air |
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| In-situ dynamic light scattering during photoirradiation and after exposure to air, 660 nm diode laser, detection limit 0.6 nm in particle diameter | Heterogeneous dispersion immediately took place after 1 min of photoirradiation and was assignable to deposition of a 1-electron-reduced intermediate; the dispersion disappeared upon mere exposure to air |
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| UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, initial stage of photocatalysis | Growth of bands at 450 and 745 nm was observed |
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| UV–Vis–NIR spectroelectrochemistry at −0.6 V vs SCE, 80 mV more cathodic to E₁ | Gradual growth of absorption bands at around 450 and 820 nm; the bands had the same origin as those evolving under the photocatalytic conditions; growth reached a plateau after 14 min |
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| UV–Vis–NIR spectroelectrochemistry after switching from −0.6 to −0.9 V vs SCE, 60 mV more cathodic than E₂ | Growth of the absorption bands was further promoted; the plateau absorbance reached at −0.9 V was nearly two times higher than at −0.6 V; Abs₅₀₀/Abs₈₂₀ remained roughly unchanged, whereas Abs₄₅₀/Abs₈₂₀ showed a noticeable increase |
| Calculated relative abundances at the electrode surface, assuming all catalyst molecules within the electroactive surface layer had undergone 1-electron reduction | Cat: 0.2 %; Cat⁻: 99.6 %; Cat²⁻: 0.2 % |
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| ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ/ppm | 5.71 (s, 8H), 7.68 (s, 8H), 8.21 (d, 8H, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.44 (dd, 4H, J = 8.4, 2.3 Hz), 8.59 (d, 4H, J = 9.2 Hz), 9.02 (d, 8H, J = 7.5 Hz), 9.18 (d, 4H, J = 2.2 Hz), 11.76 (s, 4H) |
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| Elemental analysis for C₆₀H₄₈N₁₂O₄F₂₄P₄·2H₂O (1617.01), calcd; found, % | C 44.57, H 3.24, N 10.39; C 44.59, H 3.48, N 10.19 |
| ESI-TOF MS (acetonitrile, positive mode), m/z | 250.05 ([OpBp]⁴⁺; calcd, 250.10), 645.04 ([OpBp⁴⁺ + 2PF₆⁻]²⁺; calcd, 645.16) |
| ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ/ppm | 4.21 (s, 3H), 7.81 (dd, 2H, J = 5.0, 1.9 Hz), 8.26 (d, 2H, J = 6.2 Hz), 8.54 (m, 3H), 8.58 (dd, 1H, J = 8.4, 2.3 Hz), 8.65 (d, 1H, J = 8.3 Hz), 8.68 (d, 1H, J = 8.3 Hz), 8.76 (d, 2H, J = 6.6 Hz), 9.28 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz), 9.33 (d, 1H, J = 2.4 Hz), 10.91 (s, 1H), 11.83 (s, 1H) |
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| Elemental analysis for C₂₃H₁₉N₆O₂I·4.5H₂O (619.42), calcd; found, % | C 44.78, H 4.56, N 13.44; C 44.60, H 4.56, N 13.57 |
| ¹H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ/ppm | 4.23 (s, 6H), 5.76 (s, 4H), 7.58 (s, 4H), 8.30 (d, 4H, J = 7.4 Hz), 8.35 (d, 4H, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.59 (m, 4H), 8.69 (m, 4H), 8.80 (d, 4H, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.98 (d, 4H, J = 7.4 Hz), 9.33 (m, 4H), 11.81 (s, 2H), 11.90 (s, 2H) |
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| Elemental analysis for C₅₄H₄₆N₁₂O₄F₂₄P₄·4.5H₂O (1587.96), calcd; found, % | C 40.84, H 3.49, N 10.58; C 40.89, H 3.49, N 10.44 |
| ¹H NMR (600 MHz, CD₃CN), δ/ppm | 4.18 (s, 6H), 8.23 (d, 4H, J = 7.3 Hz), 8.46 (m, 6H), 8.79 (dd, 2H, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz), 10.16 (d, 2H, J = 2.1 Hz) |
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| Elemental analysis for C₂₄H₂₂N₆O₂F₁₂P₂Cl₂Pt·4.5H₂O (1063.46), calcd; found, % | C 27.11, H 2.94, N 7.69; C 27.03, H 2.73, N 7.69 |
| ESI-TOF MS (acetonitrile, positive mode), m/z | 345.98 ([PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺; calcd, 346.04), 690.96 ({[PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺ − H⁺}⁺; calcd, 691.07) |
| Elemental analysis for C₂₄H₂₂N₆O₂Cl₄Pt·2.5H₂O (808.40), calcd; found, % | C 35.66, H 3.37, N 10.40; C 35.56, H 3.12, N 10.17 |
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| ESI-TOF MS (acetonitrile/water = 1:1 v/v, positive mode), m/z | 690.95 ({[PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺ − H⁺}⁺; calcd, 691.07), 350.52 ({[PtCl₂(pBp)]²⁺ − 2Cl⁻ − 2H⁺ + 2CH₃CN}²⁺; calcd, 350.59) |
| ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ/ppm | 5.73 (s, 8H), 7.68 (s, 8H), 8.20 (d, 8H, J = 7.6 Hz), 8.81 (d, 4H, J = 8.4 Hz), 8.88 (d, 4H, J = 8.2 Hz), 9.03 (d, 8H, J = 7.6 Hz), 9.86 (d, 4H, J = 2.1 Hz), 12.03 (s, 4H) |
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| Elemental analysis for C₆₀H₄₈N₁₂O₄F₂₄P₄Cl₄Pt₂·5H₂O (2203.02), calcd; found, % | C 32.71, H 2.62, N 7.66; C 32.56, H 2.65, N 7.63 |
| ESI-TOF MS (acetonitrile, positive mode), m/z | 382.95 ([Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)]⁴⁺; calcd, 383.05), 764.89 ({[Pt₂Cl₄(OpBp)]⁴⁺ − 2H⁺}²⁺; calcd, 765.09) |
| ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆), δ/ppm | 4.24 (s, 6H), 5.77 (s, 4H), 7.59 (s, 4H), 8.27 (d, 4H, J = 7.2 Hz), 8.32 (d, 4H, J = 6.4 Hz), 8.82 (d, 4H, J = 6.7 Hz), 8.90-9.01 (m, 12H), 10.02 (d, 2H, J = 2.2 Hz), 12.06 (s, 2H), 12.16 (s, 2H) |
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| Elemental analysis for C₅₄H₄₆N₁₂O₄F₂₄P₄Cl₄Pt₂·4H₂O (2110.92), calcd; found, % | C 30.73, H 2.58, N 7.96; C 30.77, H 2.77, N 7.83 |
| ESI-TOF MS (acetonitrile, positive mode), m/z | 874.39 ({[Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)]⁴⁺ + 2PF₆⁻}²⁺; calcd, 874.55), 485.61 ({[Pt₂Cl₄(UpBp)]⁴⁺ − H⁺}³⁺; calcd, 485.72) |
| Formula | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: C₇₂H₇₆F₂₄N₁₆O₈P₄; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: C₃₃H₄₃Cl₂F₁₂N₉O₅P₂Pt |
|---|---|
| Formula weight | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 1873.36; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 1201.69 |
| Color, habit | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: colorless, prisms; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: orange, prisms |
| Crystal size, mm | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 0.02×0.02×0.01; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 0.28×0.10×0.02 |
| Crystal system | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: Monoclinic; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: Triclinic |
| Space group | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: P2₁/c (No. 14); [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: P1̅ (No. 2) |
| a, Å | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 8.6508(3); [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 10.5961(2) |
| b, Å | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 17.2978(4); [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 12.7801(3) |
| c, Å | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 26.8004(6); [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 18.3569(4) |
| α, deg | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 90; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 74.742(2) |
| β, deg | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 98.474(2); [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 76.615(2) |
| γ, deg | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 90; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 69.239(2) |
| V, ų | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 3966.62(19); [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 2216.05(9) |
| Z | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 2; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 2 |
| F(000) | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 1920; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 1188 |
| Calculated density, g/cm³ | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 1.568; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 1.801 |
| μ, mm⁻¹ | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 1.976; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 3.460 |
| Transmission coefficient | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 0.57603 - 1.00000; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 0.48266 - 1.00000 |
| Temperature, K | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 100(2); [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 100(2) |
| Radiation, Å | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 1.54184; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 0.71073 |
| Theta range, deg | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 3.051 < theta < 66.601; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 2.534 < theta < 25.026 |
| Index ranges | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: -9<h<10, -13<k<20, -31<l<31; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: -12<h<12, -15<k<15, -21<l<21 |
| Reflections measured | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 27656; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 29236 |
| Unique reflections | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 6986; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 7822 |
| Rᵢₙₜ | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 0.0711; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 0.0503 |
| Data/restraints/parameters | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 6986/0/563; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 7822/0/585 |
| R₁ | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 0.0692; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 0.0306 |
| wR₂ | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 0.1992; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 0.0762 |
| Weighting scheme | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: w=1/[σ²(Fₒ²)+(0.1176P)²+3.4713P], where P=(Fₒ²+2F(calculated)²)/3; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: w=1/[σ²(Fₒ²)+(0.0372P)²+1.0688P], where P=(Fₒ²+2F(calculated)²)/3 |
| GOF | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 1.052; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 1.077 |
| Maximum/mean shift/esd | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 0.000/0.000; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 0.003/0.000 |
| Maximum/minimum difference peaks | [OpBp](PF₆)₄·4DMF: 0.712/-0.371; [PtCl₂(pBp)](PF₆)₂·3DMF: 2.796/-0.521 |